{"data":{"id":16499,"api_model":"artworks","api_link":"https:\/\/api.artic.edu\/api\/v1\/artworks\/16499","is_boosted":true,"title":"Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers","alt_titles":null,"thumbnail":{"lqip":"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBAAFAPQAAAACBgYGBgUIChUSDiMdFTEqIT0xIjw4NkM3KlA+L0A7ME9IQVpZVm1ZQXNgTnRoW3ZtZ4t5W6aYib2ojQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAEAAUAAAURoAAEA2EkTeFMSPRIh7JATAgAOw==","width":12580,"height":16162,"alt_text":"Large, dark painting of Jesus sitting with three standing soldiers."},"main_reference_number":"1925.703","has_not_been_viewed_much":false,"boost_rank":null,"date_start":1865,"date_end":1865,"date_display":"1865","date_qualifier_title":"","date_qualifier_id":null,"artist_display":"\u00c9douard Manet (French, 1832\u20131883)","place_of_origin":"France","description":"<p>Throughout his career \u00c9douard Manet managed to shock and confound the public with his bold technique and unorthodox approach to subject matter. The most startling feature of this painting is that he painted it at all. Following the advent of the Realist movement, which grounded art in the here and now, avant-garde artists in France did not pursue religious themes. While Manet was primarily a painter of secular subjects, he was also interested in art history, which led him on at least two occasions to depict the biblical narratives that had compelled artists for many centuries. This work might also have been inspired by the popular 1863 biography <em>Vie de J\u00e9sus (Life of Jesus)<\/em> by the French philosopher and historian Joseph-Ernest Renan, a controversial work that emphasized Christ\u2019s humanity.<\/p>\n<p>Here, Manet depicted Jesus at the end of his life, beaten and awaiting cruci\ufb01xion. The Roman soldiers force him to don a crown of thorns and proffer a reed \u201cscepter\u201d and purple cloak, all intended to ridicule him as \u201cKing of the Jews,\u201d a title bestowed ironically by his tormenters. Manet transformed this sacred narrative into a gritty drama that marries realism with theatricality. He presented Jesus frontally, emphasizing his vulnerability and human physicality. Jesus seems exhausted and limp. The canvas\u2019s visible brushstrokes and color palette create a sense of materiality that further evokes a palpable, unidealized Christ, who notably lacks a halo. Is he a holy being emanating divine light or a real man posing under a studio spotlight? The painting caused a scandal in its own time for precisely this ambiguity.<\/p>\n","short_description":null,"dimensions":"190.8 \u00d7 148.3 cm (74 7\/8 \u00d7 58 3\/8 in.); Framed: 240.1 \u00d7 196.9 cm (94 1\/2 \u00d7 77 1\/2 in.)","dimensions_detail":[{"depth":null,"width":148,"height":190,"diameter":null,"clarification":null},{"depth":null,"width":196,"height":240,"diameter":null,"clarification":"Framed"}],"medium_display":"Oil on canvas","inscriptions":"Inscribed lower right: Manet","credit_line":"Gift of James Deering","catalogue_display":null,"publication_history":"Emile Zola, Preface in Manet Exposition Particuli\u00e8re, exh. cat. (Paris, 1867), p. 34.\n\nF. Jahyer, Salon de 1865 (Paris, 1865), p. 23.\n\nG. Privat, Place aux Jeunes, causeries critiques sur le Salon de 1865 (Paris, 1865), p. 42.\n\nTh\u00e9ophile Gautier, \u201cSalon de 1865,\u201d La Monde Illustr\u00e9 (May 6, 1865), p. 283.\n\nL. Leroy, Le Charivari (May 11, 1865).\n\nA. J. du Pays, \u201cSalon de 1865,\u201d L\u2019Illustration (May 11, 1865), p. 298.\n\nJunior, \u201cCourrier de Paris,\u201d Le Monde Illustr\u00e9 (May 13, 1865), p. 275.\n\nE. Chesnau, \u201cLe Salon de 1865m\u201d Le Constitutionnel (May 16, 1865).\n\nCharles Cl\u00e9ment, \u201cExposition de 1865,\u201d Le Journal des D\u00e9bats (May 18, 1865).\n\nDubose de Pesquidoux, \u201cLe Salon de 1865,\u201d L\u2019Union (May 24, 1865).\n\nL. de Montifaut, \u201cSalon de 1865,\u201d L\u2019Ariste (May 28, 1865), p. 24.\n\nP. de Saint Victor, \u201cle Salon de 1865,\u201d La Presse (May 28, 1865).\n\nF. Deriege, \u201cSalon de 1865,\u201d La Si\u00e8cle (June 2, 1865).\n\nTh\u00e9ophile Gautier, \u201cLe Salon de 1865,\u201d La Moniteur universal (June 24, 1865).\n\nJunius, \u201cM. \u00c9douard Manet,\u201d Le Gaulois (April 25, 1876).\n\nJames Jackson Jarves, Experiences and Observations of an American Amateur in Europe (Boston, 1879), p. 269.\n\nE. Bazire, Manet (Paris, 1884), p. 44.\n\nTh\u00e9odore Duret, Histoire d\u2019\u00c9douard Manet et de son oeuvre (Paris, 1902), pp. 27, 41, 206, no. 57.\n\nHugo von Tschudi, \u00c9douard Manet (Berlin, 1902), p. 19.\n\nCamille Mauclair, L\u2019Impressionnisme, son histoire, son esth\u00e9tique, ses m\u00e2itres (Paris, 1904), pp. 52, 62.\n\nP. Gsell, \u201cLe Classicisme de Manet,\u201d Art et les Artistes (November 2, 1905), pl. opp. p. 43.\n\n\u201cFrench Impressionism at the Albright Gallery,\u201d Academy Notes 3, 7 (December 1907), p. 114-5 (ill.).\n\nTh\u00e9odore Duret, Manet and the French Impressionists (London, 1910), p. 218, no. 57.\n\nG. J. Wolff, \u201c\u00c9douard Manet,\u201d Die Kunst, January 1, 1911, p. 150 (ill.).\n\nJulius Meier-Graefe, Edouard Manet (Munich, 1912), pp. 71, 73, 318, no. 17, fig. 40.\n\nAntonin Proust, \u201cErinnerungen an \u00c9douard Manet,\u201d Kunst und K\u00fcnstler (December 1912), p. 137 (ill.).\n\nAntonin Proust, Edouard Manet: Souvenirs (Paris, 1913), pp. 47, 52, no. 6.\n\nE. Waldman, Edouard Manet (Berlin, 1923), p. 37.\n\nJacques Emile Blanche, Manet (Paris, 1924), p. 32.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, Annual Report (Chicago, 1925), p. 32 (ill.).\n\nAdolphe Tarbarant, \u201cManet: pPintre religieux,\u201d Bulletin de la Vie Artistique (1923), pp. 249\u2013250.\n\nEtienne Moreau-N\u00e9laton, Manet racont\u00e9 par lui-m\u00eame vol. 1 (Paris, 1926), pp. 67\u201368, fig. 75.\n\nTh\u00e9odore Duret, Histoire de \u00c9douard Manet et de son oeuvre vol. 1 (Paris, 1926), pp. 67, 68, fig. 75.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, Bulletin of The Art Institute of Chicago 20, 1926, pp. 1, 8\u20139 (ill.).\n\nArt News, 24 (January 1, 1926), p. 6 (ill.).\n\nPaul Jamot, \u201cManet and the Olympia,\u201d Burlington Magazine 50 (1927), p. 28.\n\nLionello Venturi, \u201cManet,\u201d L\u2019Art 32 (July\u2013August 1929), p. 154.\n\nA. Tabarant, Manet: Histoire catalographique (Paris, 1931), p. 141, no. 101.\n\nR[eginald] H[oward] Wilenski, French Painting (Boston, 1931), pp. 245, pl. 96, 249, 252.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, A Guide to the Paintings in the Permanent Collection, (Chicago, 1932), p. 57 (ill.).\n\nPaul Jamot and George Wildenstein, Manet (Paris, 1932), vol. 1, pp. 22, 80, 90, 107, no. 107, 130, no. 113; vol. 2, p. 6, fig. 21.\n\nDaniel Catton Rich, \u201cThe Spanish Background for Manet\u2019s Early Work,\u201d Parnassuis 4 (February 1932), p. 4.\n\nGeorge Bazin, \u201cManet et la Tradition,\u201d L\u2019Amour de l\u2019Art, [May] (1932), p. 155.\n\nA. M. Franfurter, \u201cArt in the Century of Progress,\u201d The Arts 20 (May 1933), p. 33 (ill.).\n\nDaniel Catton Rich, \u201cL\u2019Exposition d\u2019Art fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l\u2019Art Institute de Chicago,\u201d Formes 33 (1933), p. 382.\n\nE. Lambert, \u201cManet et l\u2019Espagne,\u201d Gazette des Beaux-Arts [June] (1933), p. 370.\n\nHans Tietze, Meisterwerke europ\u00e4ischer Malerei in Amerika (Vienna, 1935), no. 283 (ill.).\n\nRobert Rey, Manet (New York, 1938), p. 14.\n\nTh\u00e9odore Duret, Manet, trans. J. E. Crawford Flitch (New York, 1941), pp. 86, 87, 379, ill. opp. p. 90.\n\nGotthard Jedlicka, Edouard Manet (Erlenbach-Zurich, 1941), pp. 86, 87, 379, ill. opp. p. 90.\n\nA. Tabarant, La Vie artistique au temps de Baudelaire (Paris, 1942), pp. 421, 488.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, An Illustrated Guide to the Collections of The Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, 1945), p. 36.\n\nJohn Rewald, History of Impressionism (New York, 1946), pp. 121, 123, 237, no. 39 (reprinted in 1961).\n\nHans Huth, \u201cImpressionism Comes to America,\u201d Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 29 (1946), p. 242, 236 (ill.).\n\nA. Tabarant, Manet et ses oeuvres (Paris, 1947), pp. 104\u2013106, 113, 136, 536, ill. 105.\n\nMichel Florisoone, Manet (Monaco, 1947), p. xvi and pl. 29.\n\nN. G. Sandblad, Manet, Three Studies in Artistic Conception (Lund, 1954), pp. 150, 157.\n\nE. Wind, \u201cTraditional Religion and Modern Art,\u201d Art News 52 (1953), pp. 19\u201320.\n\nGeorge Heard Hamilton, Manet and His Critics (New Haven, 1954), pp. 34, 65\u201366, 70, 78, 80\u201390, 96, 265, pl. 13.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, A Brief Guide to the Collections (Chicago, 1956), p. 34.\n\nJohn Richardson, \u00c9douard Manet: Paintings and Drawings (London, 1958), pp. 24, 121.\n\nA. de Leiris, \u201cManet\u2019s Christ Scourged by Soldiers,\u201d The Art Bulletin 41, 2 (June 1959), pp. 198\u2013201 (ill.).\n\nF. J. W. Hemming and R. J. Niess, E. Zola, Salons (Geneva and Paris, 1959), p. 97.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, Paintings in The Art Institute of Chicago: A Catalogue of the Picture Collection (Chicago, 1961), p. 270.\n\nJohn Rewald, A History of Impressionism (New York, 1961), pp. 121, 123, 137, n. 39.\n\nTheodore Reff, \u201cThe Meaning of Manet\u2019s Olympia,\u201d Gazette des Beaux-Arts ser. 6, 63 (February 1964), pp. 115\u2013116.\n\nJohn FitzMaurice Mills, \u201cArt Forum,\u201d The Irish Times (December 22, 1965), p. 6 (ill.).\n\nGeorge Head Hamiliton, \u201cIs Manet Still Modern,\u201d Art News Annual 31 (1966), p. 119 (ill.), 159.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, Calendar 61 (January 1967), p. 2.\n\nPhoebe Pool and Sandra Orienti, The Complete Paitnings of Manet (New York, 1967), pp. 83, 94-95, fig. 89A.\n\nMeret Bodelsen, \u201cEarly Impressionist Sales,\u201d Burlington Magazine (June 1968), p. 341, no. 17.\n\nMichael Fried, \u201c\u2019Manet\u2019s Sources\u2019: A critical Evaluation,\u201d Artforum 8, 1 (September 1969), p. 44\u201345 (ill.), 48 n. 23.\n\nJohn Maxon, The Art Institute of Chicago (London, 1970), pp. 75, 76 (ill.), 283.\n\nDenis Rouart and S. Orienti, Tout l\u2019oeuvre peint de Manet (Paris, 1970), p. 88a.\n\nGeorge Bazin, \u00c9douard Manet (Milan, 1972), pp. 8, 29, 88 (ill.).\n\nGeorge Mauner, Manet: Peintre-Philosophe: A Study of the Painter\u2019s Themes (University Park, 1975), p. 140.\n\nDenis Rouart and Daniel Wildenstein, \u00c9douard Manet: Catalogue raisonn\u00e9 (Paris, 1975), v. 1, pp. 102\u2013103, no. 102, ill., p. 104.\n\nTheodore Reff, Manet: Olympia (New York, 1977), pp. 20, 45\u201347, ill.\n\nAnne Coffin Hanson, Manet and the Modern Tradition (New Haven and London, 1977), pp. 46, 47, 108, 109, 110, pl. 76.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, 100 Masterpieces (Chicago, 1978), p. 86 (ill), 97.\n\nGisela Hopp, \u201c\u00c9douard Manet: Christus von den Soldaten Verh\u00f6hnt (1865),\u201d in Zusammenhang: Festschrift f\u00fcr Marielene Putscher, ed. by Otto Baur and Otto Glandien (K\u00f6ln, 1984), pp. 713\u2013733, pl. 1.\n\nKathleen Adler, Manet (Oxford, 1986), pp. 62-68, fig. 49. \n\nRichard R. Brettell, French Salon Artists, 1800\u20131900 (Chicago, 1987), pp. 58 (detail ill.), 59\u201360, 61 (ill.), 119.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, Master Paintings in The Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, 1988), p. 52 (ill.).\n\nMikael Wivel, Juliet Wilson-Bareau and Hanne Finsen, Manet, exh. cat. (Copenhagen, Ordrupgaard, 1989), p. 84, fig. a.\n\nRichard M\u00fchleberger, The Bible in Art: The New Testament (New York, 1990), pp. 123, 125 (ill.), 173 (ill.), 176.\n\nHenri Loyrette and Gary Tinterow, Impressionnisme: Les origins 1895-1869, exh. cat. (Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais and New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995), pp. 51, fig. 74, 112, 312, 401.\n\nAlex Worth, \u201cThe Lost Photographs of Edouard Manet,\u201d Art in America (January 2007), p. 59 (ill.).\n\nMary Mathews Gedo, \u201cThe Perils of Young Love: Monet\u2019s Magnificent Failure,\u201d Monet and His Muse: Camille Monet in the Artists Life, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010. p. 27. \n\nGabriella Belli, Guy Cogeval and St\u00e9phane Gu\u00e9gan, Manet: Ritorno a Venezia (Venice: SKIRA, 2013), 118, 120\u201321 cat. 30.\n\n\u201cManet, Cat. 5, Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers,\u201d in Manet Paintings and Works on Paper at the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, 2017), <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.artic.edu\/manet\/reader\/manetart\/section\/140020\">https:\/\/publications.artic.edu\/manet\/reader\/manetart\/section\/140020<\/a>.\n\nJames Rondeau, ed., Paintings at the Art Institute of Chicago: Highlights of the collection (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2025), 61 (ill.).","exhibition_history":"Paris, Salon, 1865, cat. 1427\n\nParis, Pavillon de l\u2019Alma, Manet Exposition Particuli\u00e9re, 1867, cat. 6.\n\nNew York, Durand-Ruel Galleries, Exposition of Paintings by Edouard Manet, March 1895, cat. 9.\n\nNew York, Albright Art Gallery, French Impressionists Exhibition, 1907.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, 1933, cat. 327, pl. 56.\n\nThe Art Institute of Chicago, A Century of Progress Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture, 1934, cat. 247.\n\nPhiladelphia Museum of Art, Manet and Renoir, November 1933\u2013January 1934.\n\nBaltimore Museum of Art, A Survey of French Painting, November 23, 1934\u2013January 1, 1935, cat. 23 (ill.).\n\nPhiladelphia Museum of Art, Manet, November 3-December 11, 1966, cat. 71 (ill.), traveled to The Art Institute of Chicago, January 13-Februry 19, 1967.\n\nParis, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Manet: 1832\u20131883, April 22\u2013August 1, 1983, cat. 87 (ill.); traveled to New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, September 10\u2013November 27, 1983.\n\nTokyo, Isetan Museum of Art, Edouard Manet, June 26-July 29, 1986, cat. 7 (ill.); traveled to Fukuoka Art Museum, August 2-31, 1986 and Osaka Municipal Museum of Art, September 9-October 12, 1986.\n\nMadrid, Museo National del Prado, Manet en el Prado, October 14, 2003-January 11, 2004, cat. 66 (ill.).\n\nVenice, Palazzo Ducale, Manet (1832\u20131883) and Venice, April 24\u00a0\u2013 August 18, 2013, cat. 30","provenance_text":"Estate of the artist, Paris, 1883 [the inventory lists the painting as no. 17 as Le Christ insult\u00e9 par les soldats]; by descent to L\u00e9on Leenhoff, Paris, 1883; sold to Boussod et Valadon, Paris, May 31, 1893, for 3,500 francs [this and the following per dealer\u2019s stock book 13, no. 23074, as Les Christ insult\u00e9 par les Soldats, published online at http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/research\/tools\/digital_collections\/goupil_cie\/books.html]; sold to Jean-Baptiste Faure (d. 1914), Paris, April 14, 1894, for 8,000 francs; partially sold to Durand-Ruel, Paris, April 17, 1894 [per Durand-Ruel, Paris, stock book (no. 3006); copy of archival reference in curatorial object file]; partially transferred from Durand-Ruel, Paris, to Durand-Ruel, New York, October 23, 1911 [this and the following per Durand-Ruel, New York, stock books (no. 3461, as Ecce homo, le Christ insult\u00e9 par les soldats, 1865); copy of archival reference in curatorial object file]; sold to James Deering (d. 1925), Chicago, October 23, 1911, for $44,000; bequeathed to the Art Institute of Chicago, 1925.","edition":null,"publishing_verification_level":"Web Cataloged","internal_department_id":14,"fiscal_year":1926,"fiscal_year_deaccession":null,"is_public_domain":true,"is_zoomable":true,"max_zoom_window_size":-1,"copyright_notice":null,"has_multimedia_resources":true,"has_educational_resources":false,"has_advanced_imaging":false,"colorfulness":31.1172,"color":{"h":56,"l":42,"s":6,"percentage":0.014896453220207911,"population":136},"latitude":41.879941962029,"longitude":-87.6233639940618,"latlon":"41.879941962029,-87.623363994062","is_on_view":true,"on_loan_display":null,"gallery_title":"Gallery 222","gallery_id":2147483607,"nomisma_id":null,"artwork_type_title":"Painting","artwork_type_id":1,"department_title":"Painting and Sculpture of Europe","department_id":"PC-10","artist_id":35577,"artist_title":"\u00c9douard Manet","alt_artist_ids":[],"artist_ids":[35577],"artist_titles":["\u00c9douard Manet"],"category_ids":["PC-10"],"category_titles":["Painting and Sculpture of Europe"],"term_titles":["painting","Realism","oil painting","oil paint (paint)","Christian subjects","weapons","soldiers","religious figures","Jesus","Christianity","european painting","painting (image making)","canvas","emotions","religious scenes","men","religion","Century of Progress","world's fairs","Chicago World's Fairs","blood","nineteenth century","19th century","painting techniques","painting","painting","paint","paint","oil paintings (visual works)","oil on canvas","french","crowns","Narrative"],"style_id":"TM-7548","style_title":"Realism","alt_style_ids":["TM-15636","TM-13203"],"style_ids":["TM-7548","TM-15636","TM-13203"],"style_titles":["Realism","nineteenth century","19th century"],"classification_id":"TM-9","classification_title":"painting","alt_classification_ids":["TM-54","TM-10387","TM-78","TM-66","TM-14976"],"classification_ids":["TM-9","TM-54","TM-10387","TM-78","TM-66","TM-14976"],"classification_titles":["painting","european painting","paint","oil paintings (visual works)","oil on canvas","french"],"subject_id":"TM-8767","alt_subject_ids":["TM-12304","TM-8811","TM-12554","TM-12446","TM-12372","TM-10122","TM-10125","TM-10121","TM-11421","TM-12169","TM-11299","TM-12176","TM-12802","TM-8778","TM-14470"],"subject_ids":["TM-8767","TM-12304","TM-8811","TM-12554","TM-12446","TM-12372","TM-10122","TM-10125","TM-10121","TM-11421","TM-12169","TM-11299","TM-12176","TM-12802","TM-8778","TM-14470"],"subject_titles":["Christian subjects","weapons","soldiers","religious figures","Jesus","Christianity","emotions","religious scenes","men","religion","Century of Progress","world's fairs","Chicago World's Fairs","blood","crowns","Narrative"],"material_id":"TM-2451","alt_material_ids":["TM-3124","TM-13502","TM-2577"],"material_ids":["TM-2451","TM-3124","TM-13502","TM-2577"],"material_titles":["oil paint (paint)","canvas","painting","paint"],"technique_id":"TM-4273","alt_technique_ids":["TM-3891","TM-3971","TM-14210"],"technique_ids":["TM-4273","TM-3891","TM-3971","TM-14210"],"technique_titles":["oil painting","painting (image making)","painting techniques","painting"],"theme_titles":[],"image_id":"4d03ba14-a01a-d003-404a-cf3f9fb40ede","alt_image_ids":[],"document_ids":["f11b57a9-c4fd-98d1-ed43-a256feb613db"],"sound_ids":["f11b57a9-c4fd-98d1-ed43-a256feb613db"],"video_ids":[],"text_ids":[],"section_ids":[39214281306],"section_titles":["Cat. 5 \u00a0 Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers, 1865"],"site_ids":[],"suggest_autocomplete_boosted":"Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers","suggest_autocomplete_all":[{"input":["1925.703"],"contexts":{"groupings":["accession"]}},{"input":["Jesus Mocked by the Soldiers"],"weight":19438,"contexts":{"groupings":["title"]}}],"source_updated_at":"2026-05-20T14:26:36-05:00","updated_at":"2026-09-01T03:06:02-05:00","timestamp":"2026-09-06T05:51:20-05:00"},"info":{"license_text":"The `description` field in this response is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License (CC-By) and the Terms and Conditions of artic.edu. 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